English Preposition
介词的原理
Introduction
名词和介词在现实世界中看的着摸得见,但是介词不一样,往往抽象难以理解。
牛津词典对10亿单词做出分析后,列出了英语中最常用的单词。其中最常用的30个单词中,10个就是介词。足以说明介词在英语使用中非常重要。
据说
介词
这个术语来自清朝末年的语言学家马建忠老师,原话是:凡虚字用以连实字相关之义者,曰“介词”。介字云者,犹为实字之介绍耳。
也就是说介词是为了介绍实词而存在的,其中实词代表具体的,有意义的词,甚至是看得见摸得着的东西。与实词相对的就是虚词。
在英文中,介词为:
preposition
,这个词本身符合[[英语构词法]],pre
表示在前的,position
是位置。即前置词。介词通常是放置在名词,代词前,给他们增加附加信息的词。
介词的附加信息:
- 时间信息,空间信息,方式信息,逻辑信息(原因, 目的,对象)
- 时间信息:
- 我在8点前吃饭。- before
- 我在8点时吃饭。- at
- 我在8点后吃饭。- after
- 空间信息
- 我在屋子里吃饭。- in
- 我在屋子外吃饭。- out
- 猫在桌子上吃饭。- on
- 猫在桌子下吃饭。- under
- 逻辑信息:
- 我为了健康吃蔬菜。- for
- 我除了蔬菜什么都不吃。- except
- 介词必须在其后附加其他实义词才有实际意义,这也就是为什么介词无法单独作为句子成分出现。
介词的构成形式
简单介词
短语介词
- 注意:短语介词与介词短语不是一个东西
- by way of
- at the end of
- along with
- because of
- previous to
合成介词
- into - 到···之内
- onto - 到···之上
- within - 在···之内
- notwithstanding - 尽管
分词介词
- including - 包括
- regarding - 关于
- considering - 考虑到;鉴于
- given - 考虑到;如果
介词学习的误区
- 通常仅具有单个或几个少量的主要含义的介词,翻译与中文可以逐个对应,因此容易掌握:
- until; along; except
- 而常用介词,出现频率很高,因此有很多引申含义,无法与中文逐个对应。
- in != 里面
- on != 上面
- with != 和
- 同样的,在世界各国语言中,越是常用的词,具有的引申意义就更多。
- 打人,打字,打雷,打算,打住,打交道,几乎全都是不一样的意思。我们根本无法找到一个固定的意思与之对应。
- hit 42 degree, the idea hit me, hit the break, hit the road.
- 这种情况下 != under this situation,反而是 in this situation,但是under this circumstance也是这个意思,与中文思维一致。
- 因此最重要的就是:切忌把介词和中文对号入座,强行找一个翻译来对应。
介词学习的诀窍
一词多义
- about ~= on the outside of (在···外面)
- ···的外围;有涉及;非核心;涉及到(关于):
- I know something about your school.
- Let’s talk about something about that issue.
- Wolves are about dangerous.
- 外部范围:There are about 2,000 students in your school.
- ···的外围;有涉及;非核心;涉及到(关于):
- on ~= 在···之上
- Dinner is on me.(付钱的重担在我身上)
- The cat in on the table.
- On the way.
- beyond ~= 超出
- It’s beyond me.(超出我的理解)
- in ~= 被···包裹(在···里面)
- in the sun(被阳光包围)
- in the dress(被裙子包围)
- in English(被英语包围)
一义多词
- in, on, at都有
在
的意思- in:大范围
- 被···包围,但并不是完全没有空间,还可以移动
- in the city, in the country, in the bus, in the east, in the west,
- 大范围时间
- in 2 years, in 2 months, in two days, in the week
- 被···包围,但并不是完全没有空间,还可以移动
- on:中范围
- 在···之上,物体的一个面至少已经和另一个物体接触上了,中间没有空隙
- on the table, on the east, on the west
- 在···之上,物体的一个面至少已经和另一个物体接触上了,中间没有空隙
- at:精确范围(点)
- 在一个点的上面,这个点是一个明确的位置,是一个
特指
- at corner, at shop(in shop)
- 具体时刻
- at 8 P.M., at that moment
- 在一个点的上面,这个点是一个明确的位置,是一个
- in:大范围
- I’m walking in the street,
- A cat is on the street.
- I am at the E.st and W.st.
常见英语介词用法
空间
在
- in
- in the house
- in the park
- in the country
- on
- on the table
- on the floor
- at
- at the corner
- at bus station
上下
- over
- 正上方;覆盖->越过,是一种动态的感觉
- over the year
- The plane flew over the mountain
- above
- 高于某个面,与over对应,不需要正上方,与over对应,是一种静态的感觉
- the sky above us
- under
- 与over对应,是正下方
- below
- 与above对应
附近
- near
- 旁边,但离着较下面三个介词较远
- near the house
- 旁边,但离着较下面三个介词较远
- by/beside
- 旁边,较近
- next to
- 紧挨着
- the building next to the school
穿过
- across
- 在表面穿过,主语cross是动词 cross the road
- go across the road
- through
- 在内部穿过
- sunlight goes through the window
- look through the windows
- past
- 经过 I walked past a shop
在···之前
- in front of
- behind
- between
- between and
- among
- before(时间)
- 多用于时间,而不是空间
- before you arrive
- before you finish your homework
围绕
- round/around
- around the world
- around the tree
- There are so many children around my teacher.
沿着
- along
- walk along this road
向
- to/toward/towards
- go to your school
- up
- 向上
- up the hill
- up the river
- hands up
- down
- 向下
- walk down the street
到···
- onto
- jump onto the table
- into
- walk into the house
- out of
- walk out of (from) my house
- get out of (from) my office
在···对面
- opposite
- My school is opposite my house.
- against
- 与···相反,对抗,依靠
- We battle against our enemies.
- I leaned against the wall.
远离
- off
- The US is off China.
时间
- in
- on
- at
- during
- for
- since
- before
- 在一段时间之前
- before 2 years
- after
- from···to···
- by
- 不超过···的边界,在···之前
- by 2 P.M.
- until
- until 8 P.M
方式
- in
- through/via
- by
- with(伴随)
- on(电子设备)
原因
- for
- because of/due to/owing to/on account of
关于
- about/on
- of(仍然是所属,站队的意思)
数值
- at(数值点)
- at a high proce
- by(差值)
- increase by 2 percent
- to(到某点)
- increase to 98 percent
- for(以···的价格)
排除
- besides
- 除了···还
- I also like eating apple besides carrot.
- except
- 除了
- I like eating all the fruits except apple.
- except for与but类似,表示转折的除了,意味美中不足的是
- I like today’s dinner except for that awful guy.
- I like today’s dinner but that awful gup made me uncomfortable.
介词短语
介词后面与动词一样需要添加宾语
- Preparation + Object = 介词短语
- 介词短语直接作为主语,宾语,补足语甚至定语或状语出现在句子中
- Between 10 and 11 is a good time to sleep.
- The meeting is at 2 P.M.
- I found my sister in good emotion.
- This is the key to this house.
- My sister sleep at noon.
介词固定搭配
- for example
- at ease
- in return
- in turn
- need for
- long for
- ready for
Reference
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